UxV Market

Electronic speed controllers and brushless motors for rotorcraft and multi-rotor platforms, ranging from 6S to 12S systems with rated capacities from 40 to 160 amps. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Primarily serves hobbyist and commercial RC markets; public evidence of defense application or supply-chain integration is limited.

Czech Republic-based supplier of integrated electric propulsion subsystems: 200–400 kW EPS units, BLDC/PMSM motors, HBCi motor controllers (3–400 kW), battery management systems (BMS-4i through BMS-16Ai), and custom energy storage for aviation and UAV platforms. Production-ready across all lines; references include Airbus, Bell, NASA, and Siemens. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Public evidence of US defense integration limited.

Israeli component supplier of DC servo motor controllers (Micro Rayon through Rayon 135 series) and solid-state power distribution units and smart circuit breakers (Power Rider line), serving aerospace, defense, and robotics sectors. Partners include General Dynamics, Elbit, Leonardo, and US Army. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of actual US program integration is sparse despite partner roster.

Virginia-based subsystem supplier producing BLDC motor controllers (Taurus line: AEX, AE, C60, 400 OTiS up to 20 kW), flight termination systems (Comet FTS, dual-redundant radio-linked), flight computers/power hubs (Clio-B), and smart battery packs (Lohner). NDAA-compliant, in production across propulsion electronics, power systems, flight control, and termination. Blue UAS status unknown; limited public visibility on specific platform integrations or defense contracts.

Develops hybrid-electric propulsion systems (AmpDrive) and aircraft conversions for regional aviation, claiming 30,000+ flight miles and up to 90% fuel reduction. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Public evidence of production readiness and defense-sector relevance is limited; claims rest primarily on commercial partnerships and research-agency engagement (NASA, ARPA-E).

Manufactures high-speed permanent magnet motors, generators, magnetic bearings, and power electronics for defense, aerospace, and industrial applications. Core competency in oil-free active magnetic bearing systems and variable frequency drives for rotating machinery. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of defense/aerospace contracts limited.

Manufactures 33cc and 99cc internal-combustion and hybrid propulsion systems for medium-endurance UAVs; products in production across standard IC, parallel-hybrid, and series-hybrid configurations. NDAA compliance and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of end-user adoption or defense contracts not apparent.

Direct-drive electric motors from 50 kW to 1 MW for hybrid-electric aircraft, including EASA-certified 100 kW unit and integrated power management systems. Safran subsidiary headquartered in Paris. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence on US defense-sector adoption is limited.

Brushless motors, ESCs, and starter-generators for UAVs, UGVs, and USVs across Sparrow, Rhino, Atlas, Hercules, and Falcon series. Laconia, New Hampshire–based component supplier in production. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of defense integration is sparse.

UK-based axial flux electric motor and controller supplier for eVTOL and hybrid-electric aircraft, in production with D1500 direct-drive motors and integrated MCUs. Selected by Vertical Aerospace (Valo), Electra (EL9), and Flying Whales; collaborating with Airbus on electric taxi systems. AS9100 certified. NDAA and Blue UAS status unknown; public evidence on US supply-chain eligibility and specific program roadmap is sparse.

Integrated electric motor drives (30–500 kW) with co-optimized SiC inverters, targeting aerospace, defense, and marine platforms. HPDM-180D in low-rate production; remainder at prototype or unknown status. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Public evidence thin on actual defense contract wins or program integration beyond marketing claims.

Designs and manufactures lightweight, high-efficiency electric motors, generators, and starter/generators using patented ironless axial-flux technology for combat aircraft, UAS, and airborne pods. NDAA-compliant, AS9100D-certified, made in USA. Notable: L3Harris selected them for next-generation electronic warfare pod power generation. Blue UAS status unknown; limited public evidence of current production UAS integration beyond platform claims.

Develops integrated electric propulsion units (magni500, magni650) and aerospace batteries (Samson) for aircraft electrification across helicopters, trainers, and regional aircraft. Flight-tested on six platforms including hydrogen-electric conversions; production-ready. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown.

BLDC motors (50 W–50 kW, COTS and custom) and brushless motor controllers (APD and microDRIVE lines, 25V–UHV, all NDAA-compliant) designed and tested in San Diego. ISO 9001 certified. Public evidence limited on defense primes' adoption; Blue UAS status unknown.

Manufactures aviation-grade heavy-fuel and multi-fuel UAV engines (NW-44, NW-88, NW-230) spanning 18–160 kg aircraft, plus fuel cells, engine control units, and power distribution subsystems. AS9100D certified. NDAA and Blue UAS status not disclosed. Distributes Veronte autopilots, Pegasus actuators, and Silvus MANET radios. Public evidence supports production-ready propulsion hardware; gaps remain on government contract wins and supply-chain compliance certifications.

Australian subsystem supplier of heavy-fuel piston engines (50–350 cc) and power-management systems for tactical UAVs. Four production engine variants with FlexDI™ direct injection achieve 3.6–28.4 hp; 150HFE is MIL-STD-810H qualified and integrated on Textron Aerosonde. Claims 1.2M+ flight hours. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; no public US defense contracts named.

UK-based manufacturer of 4-stroke rotary-valve UAV engines (DF70LC, DF70, DF35 series) running on heavy fuels, plus electronic fuel injection controllers with altitude compensation. Production-ready across multiple displacements and cooling variants. Also serves hybrid platforms and generator systems. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; limited public evidence of US defense program adoption beyond a SeaLandAire testimonial reference to an "ADARO program."

Manufactures EASA-certified electric motors (ENGINeUS™, 50 kW–1 MW), smart battery systems (GENeUSPACK™, up to 150 kWh), and energy management systems for hybrid/all-electric aircraft propulsion. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. French parent company with production-ready subsystems; limited public evidence of US defense-sector integration or unmanned-systems–specific qualification.

German-made 2-stroke boxer and Wankel rotary engines (55–275 cc displacement) for tactical UAVs, with fuel injection, twin-spark ignition, and heavy-fuel variants optimized for ISR endurance. Production-ready; NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. No major U.S. defense contracts identified in public record.

Swiss-based designer and manufacturer of two-stroke reciprocating UAV engines (144–660 cc, 8–60 HP) and auxiliary power units in production and prototype stages. Portfolio includes air-cooled and water-cooled twin opposed-piston engines, heavy-fuel direct-injection variants, and hybrid power units (8.5–17 kW). ISO 9001 certified, multi-fuel capable (Jet-A1, JP-5, JP-8). NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence on US defense adoption or program insertion is thin.

Tampa-based reseller of international UAV propulsion and subsystems: 2-stroke engines (5–50 kW), micro turbines, electric motors/generators, servos, autopilots, EO/IR gimbals, and sensors from 12+ countries. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Public evidence of specific defense contracts or US platform integration limited.

Designs and develops microturbine propulsion and power-generation systems for tactical drones (300–2,500 lb class). Core products include the Monarch 5 engine for fixed-wing and hybrid platforms, and the APEX portable generator family. All offerings remain at prototype or early demonstration stage; NDAA compliance and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Public evidence confirms flight testing on TigerShark platform and DoD generator demonstrations planned for late 2025, but no production contracts or fielded systems identified.

Italian piston-engine supplier producing six boxer two-stroke UAV engines (11–82 HP) with electronic fuel injection and integrated brushless starter-generators, ranging from the 101HS to the high-capacity 996GRX with in-flight recharge capability. ISO 9001 certified and in production. NDAA and Blue UAS compliance status not publicly disclosed; U.S. contract history or integration into allied platforms not evident in available sources.

UK-based manufacturer of crash-resistant flexible fuel bladders and tank systems for aerospace, defence, and motorsport. Product lines include the Saver Cell, Racell, and Black Widow series for UAV/UAS applications. NDAA compliance and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Established vendor with production-ready defence-rated offerings, but public evidence of specific US unmanned-systems contracts or programs remains sparse.

Designs and manufactures custom Li-ion and LiFePO₄ battery packs for aviation, UAV, eVTOL, robotics, and e-mobility OEMs. UK-based (Peterlee), production-ready, 40+ years' experience. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; no named US defense contracts identified in public sources.

Manufactures DC power generation and distribution units, RF amplifiers (30–512 MHz tactical boosters), electric motors, actuators, and avionics for aerospace and defense platforms including UAVs. In-production component supplier across power systems, communications, and propulsion. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence thin on specific unmanned-systems contracts or program wins.

Silicon-anode lithium-ion battery cells (SiCore™, SiMaxx™) for high-energy-density applications in unmanned and manned aviation, electric vehicles, and robotics. In production at Fremont facility with GWh-scale partnerships in Asia. Documented customers include Nokia Drone Networks and BAE Systems; received $35M repeat order from unnamed UAS manufacturer. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of defense-sector adoption exists but is limited.

Modular power generation, distribution, and conversion systems for airframe and MEA/eVTOL platforms, plus avionics data gateway (Aircraft Interface Devices). Production-ready CorePower® family serves UAV and traditional aircraft. NDAA compliance and Blue UAS certification status unknown; limited public evidence on unmanned-specific deployment or defense contracts.

Manufactures portable rapid charging systems for commercial drone batteries across DJI, Parrot, Skydio, Freefly, and other platforms; systems charge up to four batteries simultaneously in ~60 minutes. Veteran-owned, production-ready, serves 200+ public safety entities and 50+ government agencies. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status not publicly documented.

Manufactures sealed recombinant-gas lead-acid aviation batteries (Platinum Series®) for business, general, and military aircraft, plus emergency backup applications. Primary market is certified OEM installations and aftermarket upgrades for manned platforms (Phenom, Gulfstream, Air Tractor). Public evidence of unmanned-systems applicability is absent; NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. No named UAS programs or contracts identified in available data.

Crane supplies DC-DC converters (xMOR, Interpoint families), fuel gauging systems, integrated microwave assemblies, and sensors for aerospace/defense platforms including UAVs and advanced air mobility. Production-ready across power, RF, and sensing domains. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; no major UAS platform wins documented in public record.

Miamisburg-based subsystem supplier across power systems, propulsion, communications, airframes, and structures for unmanned and manned platforms. Produces battery cells and packs (G-Series), electric machines and control systems, AeroVox drone, and sensor packages (MoTES, Bellbird audio). NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of production readiness and B-1 modernization work, but supply-chain visibility gaps remain.

UK-based military battery and charger manufacturer supplying smart lithium-ion packs (BB-2590), vehicle batteries (6T), and ancillary power systems to defence primes including BAE, General Dynamics, Lockheed Martin, and MOD for over 20 years. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of end-use programs limited.

Manufactures thermal batteries, primary cells, rechargeable lithium-ion packs, and energetic devices for defense and aerospace. Claims to supply over 90% of U.S. military munitions and 600+ satellites in orbit. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of specific unmanned-systems contracts is thin.

Manufactures and assembles smart lithium-ion, lithium-polymer, and primary battery packs for commercial and military applications; also distributes Amprius and NanoGraf cells. ITAR-registered, AS9100-certified, with UN/ST38.3 testing capability. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Public evidence of specific defense contracts or programs not evident.

UK-based custom battery pack designer and manufacturer serving drones, robotics, marine, and medical sectors with lithium-ion, LiPo, LiFePO4, and legacy chemistries; holds UN38.3, IEC 62133/62619, and UL 2054 certifications. NDAA and Blue UAS status unknown; public evidence thin on US defense contracts or program names.

Modular lithium-ion propulsion batteries and thermal-containment systems for electric aircraft. FAA TSO-certified EPiC 1.0 (energy and power variants) in production; EPiC 2.0 next-gen variants in development. Also supplies battery management units, charging infrastructure (DC fast and overnight wall chargers), and custom energy systems. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Pursuing NAVSEA S9310 certification for military applications.

Solid-state lithium-metal battery developer in low-rate production with FEST® quasi-solid and Solstice™ all-solid platforms targeting EVs, drones, and defense applications. Partners include Mercedes, Stellantis, Hyundai. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence on defense contracts or unmanned-systems integration remains thin.

UK-based hydrogen fuel cell manufacturer producing modular PEM systems across UAV, stationary power, material handling, and automotive applications. Core UAV offerings—IE-SOAR family (800W–2.4kW)—are in production for multi-rotor, fixed-wing, and VTOL platforms. Broader portfolio includes IE-FLIGHT (200kW–multi-MW for eVTOL), IE-POWER stationary modules, IE-DRIVE automotive systems, and IE-GRID containerized backup power. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; no major US defense contracts identified in public record. Primary addressable market appears to be allied defense and critical infrastructure; supply-chain fit for US primes requires clarification on export control, IP location, and production capacity for defense-rate volumes.

Manufactures lithium-ion battery packs, chargers, power supplies, and custom battery management systems for military, medical, industrial, and commercial applications. Products include the BB-2590-300 form-factor rechargeable battery and CWB conformal wearable battery for US Army use. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of specific defense contracts or programs is limited.

Designs and manufactures lithium-ion battery systems for UAV, UAM, and space applications, plus thermal management and runaway-mitigation components (Thermal Runaway Shield™, phase-change materials). Production-ready across multiple energy densities. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public procurement record is thin.

Manufactures US-sourced lithium-sulfur and lithium-ion battery cells and packs for unmanned systems (NDAA-compliant); also produces 3D graphene-enhanced filament, adhesives, and concrete admixture. Recently acquired Northvolt Sweden assets. Public evidence on current UAS program integration and production volumes is limited.

Manufactures USA-assembled lithium battery packs (LiPo, Li-ion, LiFePO4) in 1S–22S configurations and compatible chargers for commercial unmanned systems. One SKU carries NDAA compliance; NDAA and Blue UAS status for broader product lines remains undocumented. Public evidence of defense primes' integration or government contracts is sparse.

Manufactures high-efficiency GaAs-based photovoltaic cells and sheets for UAVs, spacecraft, and terrestrial use via proprietary epitaxial lift-off technology; also supplies RF semiconductor materials and engineering services. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Limited public evidence on defense contracts or program adoption.

Fargo-based designer and manufacturer of smart battery packs, power distribution boards, and solar MPPTs for UAS platforms. Products include DroneCAN-enabled smart batteries with cell-level BMS, 200 A power distribution boards, and buck-boost solar trackers (MPPT-6SBB, MPPT-12SBB). US domestic manufacturing claimed; NDAA and Blue UAS certification status not publicly disclosed. Recent $27M Naval contract for battery cell manufacturing scale-up. Public technical depth limited; independent performance validation sparse.

Waterloo-based supplier of gas-electric hybrid and direct-drive power units (35cc–600cc) for extended-endurance UAVs, plus the G15 Sentinel hybrid-electric multirotor platform rated for 3+ hours flight time and heavy payload. NDAA compliance and Blue UAS certification status unknown; production-ready across core power SKUs but limited public evidence on defense contracts or integration roadmap.

Manufactures power distribution, conversion, and motion-control components for aerospace and defense platforms—solid-state power controllers, 28V supplies, data recorders, and synchro/resolver converters in production. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status not publicly confirmed; end-use applications span manned and unmanned systems, but specific unmanned-platform integrations lack public documentation.

German marine power and sensor specialist. Makes Li-Ion battery systems for AUVs and subsea platforms, plus environmental monitoring instruments (pCO2, water quality, data loggers). Production-ready across multiple product lines. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; no visible U.S. defense contracts in public record. Primary customer base appears civilian—research, aquaculture, offshore energy.

Manufactures lithium-ion aircraft batteries (Gen5 TB50/TB20), power converters (TC800), and emergency battery supplies (TS32/TS56) for general, business, commercial, and military aviation. Production-ready. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence on defense contracts or unmanned-systems integration is sparse.

Hybrid-electric powerplant supplier in low-rate production with three fielded systems: VH-3 (185 kW piston), VH-4T (400 kW turbine, built on Pratt & Whitney cores), and prototype VH-5 blended turbofan (1.5 MW). NDAA and Blue UAS compliance status unknown. Public evidence of production maturity and customer integration limited; marketing narrative emphasizes military/HSVTOL potential but named programs absent.

Manufactures modular DC-DC converters, AC-DC power supplies, and MIL-COTS OpenVPX power systems (VITA 62, SOSA-aligned). Production-ready components span 48V architectures and high-density conversion for defense/aerospace platforms. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status not publicly confirmed; limited public evidence of active defense primes integration or specific program awards.

Flight controllers, autopilot carriers, and sensor modules (GPS, IMU, optical flow, ESCs, power distribution) for small unmanned systems. NDAA-compliant and Blue UAS listed. Salt Lake City-based subsystem supplier with broad product range across vehicle control, navigation, and avionics integration; limited public evidence of fielded programs or production volumes.

Manufacturer of flight control actuators, propulsion systems, gimbals, motor controllers, and turret stabilization systems for defense platforms including missiles, combat vehicles, and spacecraft. Production-ready across multiple unmanned-systems categories. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of current unmanned-systems program participation is limited despite broad component relevance to UAS architectures.

Broad industrial supplier of flight controls, actuation, hydraulics, filtration, and thermal management for aerospace platforms including unmanned systems. Produces Ebrake® braking technology and PAC-series flight control components in production. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status not publicly confirmed; limited public evidence of current unmanned-vehicle contracts or programs.

Reseller of autopilots, GPS, ESCs, telemetry, and airframe components—primarily CubePilot systems and allied platforms. NDAA-compliant and Blue UAS listed. Serves defense, commercial, and academic buyers with same-day shipping. Public evidence confirms certification status and product range; limited independent data on integration capability or program wins beyond retail operations.

Munich-based developer of flight-control computers, FADEC systems, and SiC-based power electronics (10–600 kW inverters, DC/DC converters, battery management) for aerospace, eVTOL, and defence platforms. Production-ready across avionics, electric propulsion, and ruggedized ground-control displays. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of specific defense primes or US programs limited.

Broad aerospace & defense component supplier spanning sensors, power systems, propulsion, and mechanical subsystems for commercial, military, and rotorcraft platforms including eVTOL/UAVs. Public evidence thin on NDAA/Blue UAS certification status and specific unmanned-systems program involvement; enumerated products focus on metallurgical analysis instruments rather than flight-critical hardware.

Ukrainian manufacturer of gyro-stabilized EO/IR/LRF gimbals (USG series, 300–1.1 kg), catapult launchers, parachute recovery systems, antenna trackers, and video processing units. Field-deployed in Ukrainian military operations. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; no confirmed US prime contracts in public record.

ISR payloads, sensors, and navigation subsystems supplier—notably Apache targeting receivers (Arrowhead®), compact hemispheric radar (aCHR/eCHR), edge AI processors, and GPS-denied positioning (A-PNT). Production-ready across manned and unmanned platforms. NDAA compliance status and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence on unmanned-systems integration remains limited despite broad sensor portfolio.

Iridium-centric satellite modem, tracker, and PNT module supplier serving UAV command-and-control, aviation, and asset tracking via QuickNav, SkyLink, ALTM, and SHOUT product families. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of US defense adoption thin.

Mil-spec and high-speed connectors, power products, and fiber-optic assemblies for aerospace and unmanned systems. AS9100-certified production facility in Sidney, NY; explicit UAS market focus but NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Public evidence confirms aerospace-grade connector portfolio; gaps remain on specific UAS program wins and defense industrial compliance standing.

Canadian supplier of fluid quick disconnects, check valves, servo savers, and propellers for UAVs, land systems, and marine platforms. EnduroLink couplers are world-standard in tactical UAV fuel systems; early 01Y/02Y variants deployed on Textron AAI Shadow. MIL-DTL-25427B compliance documented for HP Series. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Public evidence of specific defense contracts limited; company claims theatre-proven products but independent verification sparse.

Designs and manufactures electromechanical actuation systems, flow controls, pneumatic compression, and power electronics for missile, UAV, and aerospace platforms. Core products include Control Actuation Systems for flight/thrust-vector control, MPACT® pneumatic compressor systems, CoRe® solenoid valves, and ruggedized motor controllers. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Public evidence confirms production-ready subsystems across tactical and space markets; limited transparency on specific platform integrations or current defense contracts.

Manufactures electromechanical linear and rotary servo actuators for aerospace, defense, subsea, and uncrewed-vehicle applications—ranging from ruggedized cylinders with MIL-SPEC connectors to pressure-compensated subsea units rated beyond 6,000m. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status undisclosed. 30-year production heritage; limited public evidence of active prime contracts or defense programs.

All-electric VTOL and fixed-wing airframes in production (ALIA series), plus certified electric motors, fly-by-wire flight controls, batteries, and multimodal charging infrastructure. Four reported DoD engagements; 800+ aircraft backlog. NDAA compliance and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence on military integration is thin beyond logistics claims.

Manufactures fixed-wing small UAS (Stalker, Penguin series) and electro-optical ISR payloads (Octopus gimbal family) for long-endurance reconnaissance, plus propane fuel-cell power systems and spacecraft platforms (Mako, SabreSat). Marine Corps and Ukraine have fielded Stalker systems; LR/LE program of record ongoing. NDAA compliance and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Now operating under Redwire Corporation as of recent acquisition.

Multi-rotor and hybrid airframes for agriculture, inspection, and delivery, plus flight controllers, propulsion, and payloads. Production-ready across eight drone models; notable depth in long-range delivery (84 km) and autonomous docking. HQ location, NDAA and Blue UAS status unknown; limited public evidence on US defense contracts or supply-chain integration.

Multi-platform robotics manufacturer (quadcopter, fixed-wing, hybrid VTOL, UUV, UGV) with integrated GS Platform combining flight control, ground station, and cloud fleet management for defense and commercial missions. Notably positions MACLUV autonomous system for vessel landing. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence on defense contracts and operational deployments is sparse.

Manufactures portable and rackmount HOTAS ground control stations (MIRA X, COMMAND XD) plus power systems and field accessories for unmanned operations. NDAA-compliant, USA-made. Limited public evidence on specific platform integrations or operational deployments; Blue UAS certification status unknown.

Supplies rugged handheld ground control stations (NOVA USCT 4.3), smart battery management systems, serial-to-Ethernet gateways, and 4G/LTE routers for UAV/UGV/USV operations. Cyprus-based subsystem vendor serving integrators including Vertical Aerospace and Skyports. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; public evidence of US defense contracts or formal program participation not evident.

Manufactures universal drone docking and charging stations—the Falcon Box (weatherproof drone-in-a-box enclosure), Drone Charging Pad (supports up to 32 drone types via pogo-pin contacts), and Custom Box variants. Netherlands-based, production-ready subsystem supplier targeting security, logistics, and industrial inspection operators. NDAA and Blue UAS certification status unknown; no named US government contracts visible in public record.

Swiss-headquartered supplier of motion-control test systems, stabilized platforms, and aerospace mechanical subsystems including flight-motion simulators, 3-axis gimbals, and power/actuation components. NDAA compliance and Blue UAS certification status unknown. Public evidence of unmanned-systems integration limited; primary customer base appears concentrated in aerospace OEM simulation and defense test markets rather than platform primes.